About the lab
Sources, method and limits
What you can trust the lab for, where every model and marker comes from, and what it does not do yet.
How it is built
The lab teaches 22 bones (or groups of bones) and 17 joints. Each 3D model is exported from the Z-Anatomy atlas by a repeatable script, so it shows the same anatomy as that atlas — bones with their articular cartilage, and for joints the capsule, ligaments, discs and menisci as separate parts.
Of 362 landmarks taught, 300 carry a marker on the 3D model. A marker is placed only at the point where the Z-Anatomy anatomist placed that label's leader line; we never estimate a position. The rest are taught from the list.
Spotting images are renders of the same models, not photographs and never X-rays. A question points at a landmark only when that point is visible from the camera.
Practice answers and mock exams are marked on our server; the answer key is not sent to your browser before you answer. Exam settings (stations, time, marks) are practice defaults, not any university's official format.
The written content was drafted against standard anatomy textbooks and then checked a second time, line by line, for errors. It has not yet been reviewed by a named anatomy teacher; if you find a mistake, please tell us through the contact page.
What it does not do yet
- No photographs of real bone specimens — none with a licence we could verify were available.
- The models are a single adult skeleton: they do not show variation between people or between sexes.
- Some small landmarks (and the whole patella) have no 3D marker because Z-Anatomy does not label them.
- Movements are described in words; there are no movement animations.
- The bone list is a starting library and has not been matched to a specific university syllabus.
Credits & licence of the 3D models and images
Z-Anatomy — the libre 3D atlas of anatomy
Gauthier Kervyn (design, 3D, anatomy), Marcin Zielinski (Blender add-on), Lluis Vinent and contributors
Bone, ligament, capsule and joint meshes; the position of every 3D landmark marker (the end of each Z-Anatomy label's leader line).
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source
BodyParts3D
The Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS); original model by Kousaku Okubo
The original meshes from which Z-Anatomy's models are derived.
Licence: CC BY-SA 2.1 JP · Source
Changes we made
- Selected right-sided structures exported to glTF (GLB) with modifiers applied; centred and scaled so the largest dimension is 1 unit.
- Z-Anatomy's materials replaced by plain bone, cartilage, ligament and capsule colours.
- The whole-skeleton overview is decimated to about a fifth of its vertices so it loads on a phone.
- Spotting images are Cycles renders of those models (left-sided bones are the right model mirrored, as Z-Anatomy's left meshes are mirror copies).
The adapted models (files under /models/osteology) and the spotting images are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0, as their licence requires. This applies to those files only, not to the rest of PharmaWallah.
References
- Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2023.
- Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2023.
- Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca; 2019. fipat.library.dal.ca/TA2
- Kervyn G, Zielinski M, Vinent L, et al. Z-Anatomy: the libre 3D atlas of anatomy. Models derived from BodyParts3D, The Database Center for Life Science (CC BY-SA 2.1 JP). CC BY-SA 4.0. www.z-anatomy.com/