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Mechanism of Action

Inhibits DHFR → depletes tetrahydrofolate → blocks DNA/RNA synthesis. Anti-inflammatory at low doses via adenosine accumulation.

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Mechanism of Action

PPI — irreversibly inhibits H⁺/K⁺-ATPase (proton pump) in gastric parietal cells.

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Mechanism of Action

Cardioselective β₁-adrenergic antagonist — reduces HR and myocardial contractility.

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Mechanism of Action

ACE inhibitor — blocks angiotensin I→II conversion, causing vasodilation and reducing afterload.

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Mechanism of Action

Biguanide — activates AMPK, decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and improving insulin sensitivity.

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Mechanism of Action

Vitamin K antagonist — inhibits VKOR, blocking synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X.

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Mechanism of Action

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor — reduces cholesterol synthesis, upregulates hepatic LDL receptors.

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Mechanism of Action

Loop diuretic — inhibits Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ symporter in thick ascending limb of Henle.

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Mechanism of Action

Fluoroquinolone — inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase (topo II) and topoisomerase IV.

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Mechanism of Action

SABA — activates β₂ receptors → ↑cAMP → bronchial smooth muscle relaxation.

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Mechanism of Action

Full μ-opioid receptor agonist — inhibits adenylyl cyclase, reduces neuronal excitability.

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Mechanism of Action

β-lactam — inhibits transpeptidase (PBP), blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.

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