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Mechanism of Action

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Methotrexate

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Mechanism of Action

Inhibits DHFR → depletes tetrahydrofolate → blocks DNA/RNA synthesis. Anti-inflammatory at low doses via adenosine accumulation.

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Omeprazole

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Mechanism of Action

PPI — irreversibly inhibits H⁺/K⁺-ATPase (proton pump) in gastric parietal cells.

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Atenolol

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Mechanism of Action

Cardioselective β₁-adrenergic antagonist — reduces HR and myocardial contractility.

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Lisinopril

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Mechanism of Action

ACE inhibitor — blocks angiotensin I→II conversion, causing vasodilation and reducing afterload.

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Metformin

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Mechanism of Action

Biguanide — activates AMPK, decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and improving insulin sensitivity.

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Warfarin

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Mechanism of Action

Vitamin K antagonist — inhibits VKOR, blocking synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X.

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Simvastatin

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Mechanism of Action

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor — reduces cholesterol synthesis, upregulates hepatic LDL receptors.

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Furosemide

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Mechanism of Action

Loop diuretic — inhibits Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ symporter in thick ascending limb of Henle.

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Ciprofloxacin

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Mechanism of Action

Fluoroquinolone — inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase (topo II) and topoisomerase IV.

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Salbutamol

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Mechanism of Action

SABA — activates β₂ receptors → ↑cAMP → bronchial smooth muscle relaxation.

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Morphine

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Mechanism of Action

Full μ-opioid receptor agonist — inhibits adenylyl cyclase, reduces neuronal excitability.

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Amoxicillin

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Mechanism of Action

β-lactam — inhibits transpeptidase (PBP), blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.

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References

Authoritative sources used for flashcard content

8 sources
  1. 1

    Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology (9th ed.). Elsevier. 2019.

  2. 2

    Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 2018.

  3. 3

    Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology (8th ed.). Jaypee Brothers. 2019.

  4. 4

    Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (BNF) — online. BMJ Group & Pharmaceutical Press. 2024.bnf.nice.org.uk

  5. 5

    Trevor AJ, Katzung BG, Bhakta M. Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology: Examination and Board Review (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 2021.

  6. 6

    Rowland M, Tozer TN. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011.

  7. 7

    Baxter K, Preston CL. Stockley's Drug Interactions (12th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2023.medicinescomplete.com

  8. 8

    Wishart DS, et al. DrugBank Online v5.1. DrugBank. 2024.go.drugbank.com

Disclaimer: Flashcard content is intended for educational and academic review only. Always verify clinical information with current drug references and consult qualified healthcare professionals for patient care decisions.